The Importance of effective political communications and how to build Essay

The Importance of effective political communications and how to build and managed country reputation through effective political communications - Essay Example nd if the communication process is to be effective then the needs of the citizens to communicate on various issues in order to have them addressed must be fulfilled. This requires then a level of professionalism from both the political organisations and the journalist – the two institutions which are critical to the political communication system. McNamara (2010) definition of effective is worth mentioning here – ‘reaching the citizenry in such a way as to impact their views in a positive way.’ Numerous communication theories have been put forward in order to analyse communication in the political sphere. Grunig and Hunt (1984) has put forward four models of PR, three of which emphasise one way communication and a two-way symmetrical model which is the ideal situation for a democracy and thus for effective political communication,. This model employs communication for the purpose of negotiating with publics, resolving conflicts, and for the promotion of mutual understanding and respect between the organisation and its publics. Present day political communication seems to be lacking to a great extent in this regard. This paper looks at the work of a number of writers/researchers who have done work in the area of political communication. Each of them has put forward their theory on political communication. The ones which are of interest are introduced and critiqued separately. The paper also provides a comparative analysis of their work. Blumler and Gurevitch (1995) in their book ‘The Crisis of Public Communication’ looks at the issues affecting effective political communication. Blumler and Gurevitch (1995) attribute this crisis to four sources: the drive by the two political communication institutions – politicians and journalists, to understand the strategies used by each other in order to make adjustments in response to each others actions; and Blumler and Gurevitch (1995) link the communicators and the audience in a network of expectations

Item Analysis and Marks Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Item Analysis and Marks - Assignment Example The two item analysis procedures are beneficial to learning and assessment because they help improve the quality of an exam by identifying items that prepare candidates for retention, revision or removal. Item analysis identifies both good and deficient items and clarifies concepts that the examinees have not mastered (Kubiszyn & Borich, 2010). The risks that come if these items are not administered are that the wrong impression will be got of the student that is not true. Students may fail because there were errors that gave rise to multiple interpretations and not that they did not know. An example of imperfect test may be for example: who was the President of America between 2000 and 2008? A second one may be: Assess the importance of not examining students after end of the course. It is important for the teacher to use both qualitative item analysis and quantitative item analysis because they help to fine tune a test and build reliability and credibility into a test. When we look at qualitative analysis we find that it is subjective as opposed to quantitative analysis and therefore a combination is important to eliminate errors and build credibility into the test (J., 2009). The authors say that marks reflect only academic achievement and not other factors like attitude and effort because of many reasons. One is that factors like attitudes and effort cannot be graded in terms of marks and therefore it would be difficult to rate a student at the end of the learning period. Secondly students come to school to gain knowledge in a specific field and they are subjected to a syllabus and content that thy must cover in order to show their understanding of various aspects of the course. Their understanding of the knowledge covered in the syllabus can only be done by giving them a test to using marks to gauge their achievement (Kubiszyn & Borich, 2010). Unfortunately attitudes and efforts do not compose the content of the syllabus